Settlement
Landuse models
Landuse models are simplified maps showing different land uses within a city.
Patterns of landuse in different cities:
Where is the CBD?
Where are the industrial areas?
Where are the Different types of residential areas?
What are the main features of each land use?
Why do cities grow?
Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities.
MEDCs
MEDCs have high levels of urbanisation. This is because they have industrialised. The movement of people from rural to urban areas followed the industrial revolution when there was a great demand for people to work in the factories that developed.
It took place throughout the 19th and Early 20th Centuries in Europe and North America. By 1950 most of the people in these two continents lived in urban areas. Urbanisation has not slowed in most MEDCs. In fact many large urban areas are now experiencing counter-urbanisation (movement of people out of town and cities). This is happening because:
· People are now more mobile than in the past so they can live further away from work
· Developments such as the fax and Email means more people can work from home
LEDCs
Since 1950 urbanisation has taken place mainly in LEDCs. This is mainly the result of push and pull factors:
Pull
· The greater opportunities to find work
· Better education
· Better health care
· Entertainment
Push
· Drought
· Famine
· Civil war
· Lack of opportunity
· Mechanisation
Shanty Towns/Favelas (Brazil)/Bustees (India)/Barrios (Mexico)
Location:
· The edge of cities in LEDCs (e.g. Rio de Janeiro)
Reason:
· Only area of open space
· Close to industry
Main features:
· Poor living conditions
· High population densities
· Illness and disease are common
· Waste and rubbish is dumped in the streets
· Poverty
· Many people do not have jobs
· Built out of scrap materials e.g. wood, corrugated iron, etc
How can local authorities help?
Self help Schemes – Rochina in Rio de Janeiro:
· Local authorities provide building materials e.g. wood and breeze blocks; local residents provide labour supply
· Local authorities provide basic services (e.g. water, electricity and sewerage system) with the money saved
However, Local Authorities cannot keep up with the levels of rural to urban migration. Also, there is not enough money available for even the basic needs of the millions who have already migrated to these areas.
Million Cities
Urbanisation in LEDCs has led to an increase in million or millionaire cities (cities with a population of +1 million inhabitants.
Migration
Types of migration:
1. Immigration
Moving into another country
2. Emigration
Moving out of a country
3. International
Moving from one country to another
4. Voluntary
Moving by choice
5. Forced
Having to move – reasons could include: war, famine, natural disaster, political asylum
6. Temporary/seasonal
Moving for a short period of time
7. Rural to urban
Moving from the countryside to the city
8. Urban to rural
Moving from the city to the countryside
Push Factors:
This is when people are forced to move.
Pull Factors:
This is when people choose to move.
Landuse
The term land use refers to ‘what the land is used for’. Exam questions, particularly those that are based on using a map, often ask about land use e.g. what is the main landuse in grid square 4156.
Types of land use on OS maps include:
Residential
- housing
Forestry
- trees
Agriculture
- farming
Industry
- factories etc
Leisure/recreation/sport
- golf courses, etc
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